Surgical extrusion is considered as a treatment of last resort for unrestorable teeth with fractures or carious decay of the crown in proximity to the bone level (Kelly et al., 2016). This surgical approach, also referred to as intra-alveolar transplantation, involves the intentional repositioning of the remaining root portion within the socket to a more coronal position to obtain sufficient ferrule and restorability (Das & Muthu, 2013; Kahnberg, 1985)...

Question 8

Present status and future directions: Root resorption

Answer

Root resorption is the loss of dental hard tissue due to odontoclastic activity (Patel et al., 2018). In primary teeth, root resorption is usually physiological and desirable as it allows the underlying permanent successor to erupt. In permanent teeth, root resorption may occur within the root canal [internal root resorption (IRR)] or on the outer aspect of the root (external root resorption)...

Question 9

Present status and future directions – Managing discoloured teeth

Answer

Managing tooth discolouration involves a range of clinical protocols in order to achieve an aesthetic result. The aetiology of the discolouration needs to be considered as well as any underlying infection as there are different approaches for vital teeth when compared to endodontically treated teeth which involve either external or internal approaches to the tooth....

Question 10

Present status and future directions: Hydraulic materials for endodontic use

Answer

Hydraulic cements are a group of materials, which hydrate in contact with water and also interact with environmental fluids. The term hydraulic derives from the Greek word hydra—meaning water. Hydraulic cements have a range of different chemistries and have been used for over a century in the construction industry...